Judging the Authenticity of Prints by The Masters:
by David Rudd Cycleback

Chapter 16 : Paper

(c) cycleback 2003, 2005 all rights reserved

Having a basic knowledge of paper is important. Many fakes and reprints are identified as the paper is too modern or the wrong type for the print to be an original. This chapter is a brief look at some important types of paper throughout history. While the type and age of the paper can help determine the authenticity of a print, it is not in and of itself proof. Some forgers use old paper. However, many prints are identified as fakes because the paper used is too modern or otherwise inconsistent with the original.Many catalogues raisonne list the type(s) of paper used for a print. * * * * The following are standard types of paper. Laid paper: Until the 1750s, all paper was laid paper. It was made on a mesh consisting of strong wires about an inch apart, with finer wires laid close together across them.This gridiron pattern can be seen when the paper is held to the light. Today, some writing paper is still laid, though the pattern being more of a decoration. A paper print from the 1500s or 1600s has to be on laid paper. Wove paper: About 1755, wove paper was invented.Wove paper is made on a finely woven mesh, so the paper does not have the rigid lines pattern of laid paper.Laid and wove paper are easily differentiated when held to the light. Most of today's paper, including computer printer and typing paper, is wove.No print from before 1750 could be on wove paper. Rag versus wood pulp.In the early history paper was made from rags.Starting about the mid 1800s, rag pulp began to be replaced by wood pulp.Wood became a popular choice due to the scarcity of rags and because wood pulp paper was cheaper to manufacture.The first successfully made American wood pulp paper was manufactured in Buffalo, New York, in 1855. By 1860, a large percentage of the total paper produced in the U.S. was still rag paper. Most of the newspapers printed in the U.S. during the Civil War period survived because they were essentially acid-free 100% rag paper, but the newspapers printed in the late 1880s turn brown because of the high acid content of the wood pulp paper. In 1882, the sulfite wood pulp process, that is still in use today, was developed on a commercial scale and most of the high acid content paper was used thereafter in newspapers, magazines and books. Counterintuitively, modern paper, especially in books, letters and newspapers, is much more likely to turn brown and brittle than paper from before the American Civil War. For the beginning collector, the paper on an early 1800s print can be surprisingly fresh and white. * * * * Chronology of Paper The following is a brief chronology of paper history.Paper has been traced to about 105 AD China.It reached Central Asia by 751 and Baghdad by 793, and by the 14th century there were paper mills in several parts of Europe. 105: Paper making invented in China. 106: First paper cut. 400: Invention of true ink in China. 610: Papermaking introduced to Japan from China. 770: The earliest instance of text printing upon paper, in China. 868: Earliest printed book, the Diamond Sutra, in China. 900: First use of paper in Egypt. 1228: First use of paper in Germany. 1282: Watermarks first used in Europe. 1319: Earliest use of paper money in Japan. 1450-55 Johan Gutenberg's forty two line Bible produced. 1470: First paper poster, in the form of a bookseller's advertisement. 1521: First use of rice straw in Chinese paper. 1589-91 European printing introduced to China and Japan. 1609: First newspaper with regular dates (Germany) 1662: First English newspaper introduced 1869: The first 'Dutch Gilt' papers made in Germany. 1750: Cloth backed papers introduced.Used for maps, charts, etc. 1755: Wove paper introduced 1758: First forgery of bank notes 1763: First Bible printed in American using American paper. 1800-10s: Practical paper making machines developed 1824: First machine for pasting sheets of paper together is introduced.Cardboard is first formed. 1830: Sandpaper introduced commercially. 1830s: Coated paper introduced. This paper is usually coated with China clay, which makes it white and smooth, sometimes glossy.It is most often used in art and illustrated books. 1842: Christmas card invented. 1844:First commercial paper boxes made in America. 1854:Paper made from chemical wood pulp patented. 1862:Tracing paper introduced commercially 1871:Roll toilet paper introduced. 1875:First instance in U.S. of paper coated on both sides. 1903: Corrugated cardboard introduced.Replaced many wooden boxes. 1905: Glassine paper introduced 1906: Paper milk-bottles introduced 1909: Kraft paper introduced 1910: Bread and fruit wrapped in printed paper * * * * Some common fine art paper terms Blind stamp: an embossed sealed used to identify the artist, publisher, printer or collector. China Paper: a soft paper made in China from bamboo fiber. Chine appliqué,or chine collé: A chine appliqué isprint in which the image is pressed intoa thin sheet of China paper which is backed by a thicker and stronger paper. Some proof prints are chine appliqués. Cold pressed: A paper with slight surface texture made by pressing the finished paper between cold cylinders.In between rough and hot pressed papers. Deckle edge: the rough, almost feathery edge on hand made paper. Deckle Stain: Paper that has a coloring or darkness around the deckle edge. Drystamp: blindstamp. Embossment:A physically raised or depressed design in the paper. Enameled paper: any coated paper.. Glassine paper: A super smooth, semi-transparent paper that is often used to make the envelopes that hold stamps Hand made Paper: Paper made by hand in individual sheets. Hot Pressed: A paper surface that is smooth.Made by pressing a finished paper sheet through hot cylinders. India paper: an extremely thin paper used primarily in long books to reduce the bulk. Machine Made Paper: Made on a machine called a "Fourdrinier."Produces consistant shape and textured paper. Marbling: a decorative technique of making patterns on paper Mouldmade Paper: paper that simulates hand made paper, but is made by a machine. Parchment: An ancient form of paper made out of animal skin.It is smooth and semi-translucent Plate Finish: A smooth surface made by a calendar machine. Rag Paper: Made from non-wood fibers, including rags, cotton linters, cotton or linen pulp. Rough: a heavily textured paper surface Tooth: A slight surface texture. Vellum: a modern version of parchment, with the same dense, animal skin-like appearance.A slightly rough surface and is semi-translucent.Some drafting paper is called vellum. Velox: Black and white paper print for proofing or display. * * * * Watermarks For centuries paper manufacturers have often distinguished their product by means of watermarks.A watermark is a design in paper made by creating a variation in the paper thickness during manufacture.The watermark is visible when the paper is held up to a light.Watermarks can sometimes give important information about the age of the paper and the authenticity of the print. Watermarks are known to have existed in Italy before the end of the 13th century. Two types of watermark have been produced. The more common type, which produces a translucent design when held up to a light, is produced by a wire design laid over and sewn onto the sheet mold wire (for hand made paper) or attached to the "dandy roll" (for machine-made paper). The rarer "shaded" watermark is produced by a depression in the sheet mold wire, which results in a greater density of fibers--hence, a shaded, or darker, design when held up to a light. Watermarks are often used commercially to identify the manufacturer or the grade of paper. They have also been used to detect and prevent counterfeiting and forgery. Catalogues raisonne often list watermarks used or otherwise discuss watermarks as it relates to the artists' work. Examples of how watermarks help identify prints: If a Salvador Dali print has a watermark consisting of the word "ARCHES" with an infinity sign (sideways '8') beneath, the print is a fake. Dali used ARCHES brand paper, but in 1980 ARCHES added the infinity sign to the watermark. 1980 was past Dali's working career and Dali himself stated that he never used the 'infinity' paper. While this watermark is easily identified, some enterprising forgers and dealers, picked the 'infinity' paper where the watermark was near an edge so they could conveniently cut off the infinity.A simple rule of thumb for collectors, is to make sure that you buy a Dali print on Aches paper where the watermark is entirely on the paper and away from an edge. For John James Audubon's large size "Birds of America" prints, the presence of a "J. Whatman" watermark is strong evidence that the print is original. No known reprints or later restrikes are on paper with that watermark. Pablo Picasso sometimes used paper with his personal watermark cycleback.com................conceits main (c) david rudd cycleback, cyclback.com all rights reserved

Illinois Mesothelioma Lawyer Counter